Behaviour in Organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Conduct in Organization - Essay Example The change in hierarchical conduct has been multi-faceted and dynamic and the most characterizing change has occurred in the work environment, relating to significant parts like Globalization, Motivation, Technological turns of events and Workplace Values and Ethics. These progressions have happened in staying aware of the evolving social, political, monetary and auxiliary part of the general public. The paper will currently examine the above expressed factors in detail and how they influence conduct of representatives. Globalization During the late 1990s, a marvel called Globalization happened. It prompted a â€Å"integration of economies and social orders through cross outskirt stream of merchandise, administrations, capital, thoughts, data, innovations and people† (Mcshane, 2008, p.10) and acquired the free market system. Globalization had prompted an expansion in the centralization of power over business associations and a decentralization of the presentation of work. At a ny rate the investigating and catching new exchange courses and keeping up command over the domain from the central command of one’s realm is a training that was pervasive in more seasoned occasions also. Globalization has restored a similar procedure, all the more viably by utilizing most recent mechanical headways. Three fundamental patterns have been seen in the advancement of authoritative conduct. Right off the bat, the extent of business has been internationalized. Associations have extended past the geological limits of the nations of origin and expected the title of ‘Global Capitalist Corporations’. As the little size of the market was a boundary to exchange because of insufficiency of interest, traversing of associations over the globe has end up being worthwhile. For instance, Switzerland’s Nestle and the Netherlands’s Heineken have both entered the worldwide field. Till the most recent decade, just enormous associations could attack speci fic remote markets yet by the start of this century, globalization has supported even little and medium firms in take part in ordinary purchasing and selling in the universal market. Besides, associations are endeavoring to apply financially savvy techniques for creation. Along these lines, there has been an extraordinary accentuation on decreasing work costs. Modest work from creating nations of Latin America and Asia are popular and the degree of redistributing has risen quickly. Also, at last, introduction to the worldwide markets is making the associations progressively serious as falling behind in deals and benefits are impossible. Chevron and Exxon expanded their offers in the global markets to contend with universal contenders like BP and Royal Dutch Shell. (Griffin and Moorhead, 2008, 32) All in all the progressions realized by globalization, in hierarchical conduct has been sure. Mechanical improvements The change from modern to data age has realized some fundamental change s in the work environment. There is a requirement for steady advancement, decentralization of dynamic procedure, dejobbing of the work power (locally established business and both brief/low maintenance and all day occupations), lessening the size of work units, ‘demassification’ (adaptable methods of assembling and a few choices), change from â€Å"institutional help to self-help† prompting character improvement. An information economy and system based structure has replaced bureaucratic

Construction and operation of aircraft fluid systems Assignment

Development and activity of airplane liquid frameworks - Assignment Example Packed air which is a blend of all gases present in the environment is reasonable as a liquid for transmitting power in airplane given its properties that intently coordinate those of a perfect liquid. Air is boundless in flexibly and for all intents and purposes costs nothing. Despite the fact that it contains various gases, air isn't harmful (tbub.com 2013). Likewise, air doesn't consume in as much as it contains oxygen which bolsters burning. Moreover, it is synthetically steady, simple to pack, and, by and large, doesn't contain acids that may erode plane frameworks. Airplane for the most part ought to be as light as could be expected under the circumstances, the primary explanation they are made of aluminum. By utilizing air as a vehicle for moving force, the aircraft’s weight stays low. In the event that a fluid is utilized rather than air, the heaviness of the airplane would be higher. Dissimilar to it occurs with fluids, air needn't bother with an arrival line when uti lized in a pneumatic framework. While this is the situation, air frequently contains dampness to the degree that on the off chance that it is packed, the dampness will in general consolidate making hurt the framework. The water framed in the framework may weaken ointments, freeze during chilly climate, and increment consumption of framework parts (tbub.com 2013). One other weakness of air as a transmission framework is that it doesn't transmit power as effectively as fluids (Experimental Aircraft 2013). In this regard, it isn't entirely appropriate for use in frameworks that request exact control. Once more, air isn't reasonable for use in transmitting power for substantial mechanical gadgets since it must be profoundly packed to gather enough vitality. In this regard, the framework should incorporate huge air tanks and actuators which can work at incredibly high weights (Experimental Aircraft 2013). Q2 Explain the capacity and activity of airplane pneumatic frameworks and their rel ated status markers The pneumatic frameworks of an airplane are otherwise called the vacuum pressure frameworks as confirmed by Lombardo (1998, p. 43). The pneumatic frameworks assume an extraordinary job in the control of airplane. They frameworks power instruments, control landing gear (during crises), give cooling, entryways, windows, and folds. Packed air is utilized for different capacities too. At the point when the airplane is flying at high elevations where the air is excessively meager, the travelers rely upon compacted air from the pneumatic framework for their breath and solace. In certain planes, compacted air is utilized to light the fly motor. Compacted air is additionally utilized for deicing and against icing for the correct working of the airplane. The vacuum pressure frameworks essentially contains an air blower, siphon, an arrangement of appropriation pipes, help valves, air channel, vacuum controller, measure gyro instruments and air stockpiling tanks or jugs, or chambers (Nagabhushana and Sudha 2010, p. 80). Pull measure gyro instruments incorporate the demeanor and heading markers. In little airplane, the pneumatic framework incorporates instrumentation, for example, the gyro compass, turn organizer, and aviation instrument. The Vacuum framework with measure gyro instruments Courtesy of Courtesy of www.flightlearnings.com The plane pneumatic frameworks Courtesy of www.flightlearnings.com The pneumatic framework works to such an extent that the air blower draws air from the air and packs it to the necessary weight and volume. The air from the blower is moved through

Writing Case Studies - Tips to Help You Get More Out of Your Case Study

Writing Case Studies - Tips to Help You Get More Out of Your Case StudyWriting case studies is a great way to make money online. There are many different cases, which are valuable in some way and make the perfect case study. You can do this with just a computer and an internet connection, but if you want to get the most from this type of writing, then you need to follow these tips.When writing case studies, you need to give a reason for why you are writing the case study. This can help your readers learn something new and help them get more from the information you're providing. Writing a case study for something that has nothing to do with the subject matter that your audience is already familiar with is ineffective. That's like telling someone to write about their day when they are already familiar with it, they'll be bored and be more likely to throw your article away.Always include a point in your case study. Make sure to show something in the conclusion or summary that makes you r reader want to know more. Some examples of what this might be to include a quote from the author, links back to the original resource, or even a better use of the resources that you used. It doesn't have to be anything fancy, just something that will help the reader follow your guide to understanding.Don't forget to add an agenda. This is important so that the reader can see where the case study is heading. Showing an agenda in your case study will let your readers know that you aren't just jumping around and just telling them to click on something. It will also help your readers understand what they can expect in the case study.While I have mentioned the importance of including an agenda in your case study, don't just show an agenda as you are writing the case study. When a case study is originally completed, the author should provide a topic map to make it easier for the reader to follow along. It is necessary for the reader to understand where they are going and how they can ge t there.There are several ways to include an agenda in your case study. The best way to do this is to include it right at the beginning. Give your readers a little background information, such as a little history of the site you are using or giving them a brief introduction to the topic. Showing your readers where the case study is heading can help them get involved and read on in order to continue the reading.After you've included the agenda in your case study, you should include a summary. This is important because it will show the readers the main points of the case study. It doesn't have to be long, just enough to introduce the reader to what is to come, give them a summary of what was covered, and end the case study.Remember that when writing case studies, it's important to give them a reason why they should read the case study. You can easily accomplish this by giving them a conclusion or summary that helps them to follow the case study and to understand what you are trying to get across. An agenda is important, but when it comes to case studies, don't forget to include a summary. Having a summary at the end of the case study is the best way to help your readers understand the concept and to get the most out of your case study.

Explore the Relationship between Character and...

It is the habit of my imagination, wrote one Victorian novelist, to strive after as full a vision of the medium in which a character moves, as of the character itself. Explore the relationship between character and environment in any one or two fictional works of the period. Both Great Expectations and David Copperfield are characterised by the close relationship between the characters and their immediate environment. This is emblematic of all Dickens novels, reflecting Dickens own life, recreating his experiences and journeys, using people and places to symbolise feelings and emotions. David Copperfield opens to `Pip in a churchyard on the eerie marshes of Kent sombrely reading his parents gravestones. Dickens describes the†¦show more content†¦Through doings this, Dickens is enlightening the reader of the links between crime and social oppression in the novel. Pip believes that when he is older Miss Havisham will let him marry Estella and will give him Satis House, and so this becomes his main desire. This represents all that he ever wants - wealth, status and Estella. Satis House portrays the emptiness of Pips desires, a ruined garden, a grim, ironic parody of the supposed pastoral qualities of the village...the house in which no emotions are nurtured but the convoluted, stunted and poisonous. (Schwarzbach 188) To Pip, the weeds in the garden look like precious flowers. (Dickens 255) The next instalment of Pips life comes when he inherits a sum of money and goes to live in London. London plays a major part in all Dickens novels, as he spent a lot of his time there. The city is, as Pip says, ugly, crooked, narrow and dirty (Dickens 153). The characters introduced to the reader in London include Jaggers and Wemmick. Both of these characters have different ways of dealing with the austerity of London life, Jaggers being strictly formal, washing his hand of it whenever possible, andShow MoreRelatedDeveloping A Unique Personality Is A Process By Temperament, Environment, And Character1217 Words   |  5 Pages Developing a unique personality is a process by temperament, environment, and character. Some characteristics are already pre-determined by genetics. On the other hand, some characteristics are the result of how a child is brought up in his or her environment. Finally, the third aspect is character. Character is how a child thinks and grows morally. The fo rming of personality has long been a main argument of the nature versus nurture debate. Multiple of today’s psychologists and sociologistsRead MoreFrankenstein and Blade Runner1069 Words   |  5 Pagesdisruption and identity emerges from considering the parallels between Frankenstein and Blade Runner.† Compare how these texts explore disruption and identity. Frankenstein and BladeRunner both explore disruption and identity through the creators who have created life unethically and through the characters who were created and were abandoned. Shelley and Scott present the responder with a disrupted world where the relationships between nature and science and creator and created reflect disruptionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel White Noise By Don Delillo1211 Words   |  5 PagesAll The novel White Noise by Don DeLillo is an phenomenal book for our time. 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For years, there has been an on-going debate between nature and nurture. T.H. White, author of The Once and Future King, explores the debate through many of the book’s characters. The issue clearly appears in the relationship of Queen Morgause and her sons, the Orkney brothers. The debate caused people to pick a side, to pick nature over nurture, or nurture over nature. However, it does notRead MoreThe Last Of The Mohicans1552 Words   |  7 PagesMohicans Thesis This essay will consider why interracial love and friendships use to be important for the survival of some people, how it made conflict amongst people surrounded by one another , and what could have possibly happened if interracial relationships had not been desired. In the book , The Last of the Mohicans. SECTION HEADER The main thesis I wanted to focus on and the only one that caught my attention in this book would be Interracial love and friendships in The Last of the Mohicans, whichRead MoreAnalysis Of Joseph Conrad s Heart Of Darkness1080 Words   |  5 Pages1 Kathrine Carrasquillo Dr. David Mulry Engl 2112 Feb 13, 2017 Who is Mr. Kurtz, and what does Conrad use him for? Mr. Kurtz is the main character in Joseph Conrad s English novella, Heart of Darkness. There is no proof that Mr. Kurtz is based on a real person, so it is assumed that he is a made up character. When Mr. Kurtz is first introduced the audience learns that he is a Belgian ivory trader and he was sent to Africa by his employer for work. At first glance, Mr. Kurtz just represents a normal

In 1953, Scientists James Watson And Francis Crick Revealed

In 1953, scientists James Watson and Francis Crick revealed the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): the double helix. Through this groundbreaking revelation, many scientists are now able to edit and alter genes in foods such as tomatoes, milk, and corn. Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) should be banned in the United States because of their environmental, social, and economical consequences. GMOs should be banned because of their harsh impact on the environment. They are causing biodiversity loss, affecting organic agriculture, and inhibiting sustainable agriculture. In his book, Beyond Evolution: The Genetically Altered Future of Plants, Animals, the Earth and Humans, Bioethicist Dr. Michael W. Fox states, â€Å"Some costs and†¦show more content†¦Also, attempts to uniform crops, or monoculture, will fuel genetic diversity loss. Genetic diversity is what helps crops adapt to weather and survive diseases; without genetic diversity, farmers will resort to using chemicals on their crops from those same companies that weakened their crops (Fox 83). Another example of biodiversity loss is eutrophication, the enrichment of ecosystems with chemicals. Bt itself is a built-in insecticide that is manufactured with more chemicals than traditional insecticides. It is first introduced into the plant and eventually spreads its harmful toxins into humans and animals. What is most alarming is the transmission of this detrimental poison into marine life. Oyster populations in the Chesapeake Bay, for example, have declined by 96 percent due to eutrophic ation from Bt (Hewitt). This is alarming because 60 percent of the world’s population relies on 40 percent of marine life as a source of food (Hewitt). The genetic modification of Bt crops also has an adverse effect on terrestrial life. This is further illustrated by a decrease in the number of predatory birds during the 1960’s and 1970’s from insecticide; more specifically, bald eagles have declined by at least 6 percent from its usage (Hewitt). GMOs advocates are advising the idea of including genetically altered organisms into organic farming. These advocates believe without the help of genetically engineered seeds the benefits of organic farming â€Å"will likely remain small†Show MoreRelated Discovery of the Structure of DNA Essay2374 Words   |  10 Pagesof February in 1953, according to James Watson, Francis Crick announced to the patrons of the Eagle Pub in Cambridge, â€Å"We have discovered the secret of life† (Watson 115, 1980). As Brian Hayes, the author of â€Å"The Invention of the Genetic Code† states, â€Å"If life ever had a secret, the double helix of DNA was surely it† (1). However, it was not the work of these two men alone that led to the discovery of the power the lies within the double helix, but rather the work of many scientists that was carefullyRead MoreThe Discovery In 1953 Of The Double Helix, The Twisted-Ladder1608 Words   |  7 PagesThe discovery in 1953 of the double helix, the twisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), by James Watson and Francis Crick marked a milestone in the history of science and gave rise to modern molecular biology, which is largely concerned with understanding how genes control the chemical processes within cells. In short order, their discovery yielded ground-breaking insights into the genetic code and protein synthesis. During the 1970s and 1980s, it helped to produce new and powerfulRead MoreNucleic Acids785 Words   |  4 Pagesliving organisms (see Virus). 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Design of Gsm Based Power Management Free Essays

Abstract Monitoring of power has been a neglected area in developing countries particularly, Nigeria. Most of these developing countries have always been facing the problem of irregular power supply not because they do not have the capacity to generate the required electricity supply but failure to manage or monitor power consumption by their appliances. The lack of power management result in the development of a GSM based power management system. We will write a custom essay sample on Design of Gsm Based Power Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now This system allows monitoring and control power consumption by household appliances. The GSM technology is well deployed in most developed countries due to its features like easy interfacing with appliances via radio frequency, accessibility at remote area. In this paper, software and hardware were developed. The software allows the user of the system to request for an action from the hardware components. The micro-controller is connected with GSM and relays each of which controls its connected power outlets. GSM – based power management is convenient, more secure, less costly and user – friendly for end user. It is very useful in the area of power management. Keyword: GSM, Power, Network, Electricity. Introduction Power management has been an area of neglect mostly in the developing nations of the world. Most developing countries have always been batling with the problem of constant power supply not because they do not have the capacity to generate the required electricity supply but because they have failed in their culture of management. Management has been an issue with developing countries. That is the main difference between developed countries and developing countries, Nigeria being a developing country, is not any better. It is also affected with the poor management virus and power is also part of the things marjoly mismanaged in this part of the world. Timo (2002) researches and studies have shown that Nigeria is one of the blessed countries in terms of natural resources but due to poor management culture we have failed as a nation in harnessing them properly, and for the resources we have harnessed we have refused to gain a total control over them. Often times, people consume power without being made responsible for it. Responsibility in this sense goes beyond the payment of bills which is being calculated by estimation which is done by the power regulating body the power holding company of Nigeria. In view of this problem, the power holding company of Nigeria which is the power regulating body of the country (Nigeria) tried to curb this power consumption mismanagement issue by introducing an electronic digitized meter which is pre-paid and it is called a pre paid meter. With the introduction of pre-paid meter billing system to consumers, their power consumption have changed and have increased tremendously. The billing system have became outrageous so there has been an issue of how to manage power by a household in order to be able to consume a specific amount of power so that bills will be strictly based on the amount of power consumed. Limitation This design is only implemented for a home that does not consume more than 200w of power. It has been designed to accommodate only four appliances whose sum total of power rating must not exceed 200w GSM Technology As mentioned by Timo (2002), GSM is widely deployed and is a growing technology supporting a number of new applications being used for it. GSM is a digital cellular radio system that operates on two frequency bands 900 and 1800MHz. It is a European standard but now has been globally accepted, that reduces the cost of manufacturing and increases the market target. Standardizations are still evolving and so far they have had up to two phases: 1 and 2. (GSM Technical Specification, 2007) This evolution has achieved higher operational boundaries to what was expected at the birth of the technology. Some of the excepted features of the system are: High audio quality and integrating. High level of security preventing fraud and boasting confidentiality. -International and intersystem roaming. -Low cost infrastructure and interpretability with existing infrastructure. GSM Architecture A GSM system as defined could be thought of as a combination of three subsystems: Base station subsystem (BSS), Network subsystem and operational and maintenance subsystem (Vijay, K. G. , and Joseph, E. W. 2009). Base station subsystem is a radio l ink subsystem and is responsible for management of connection including handovers of calls from coverage area (cell) to cell. BSS is formed by a combination of mobile set (MS), Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC) several BTSs are connected and controlled by a single BSC. This single BSC is responsible for handover, radio link control and power control for transmission. ‘The network subsystem is the core of the GSM system. It controls mobility, switching and management of the subscriber. It consist of switching centre (MSC), Visitor Location Register (VLR), Home Location Register (HLR),Authentication Centre (AUC), and Equipment Identity Register (EIR). One MSC is communicating with number of BSCs, and therefore it is used for call setup, routing and handover between the two subsystems. Also for billing purposes MSC is in control’. (Siegmund, M. R. Matthins, K. W. and Malcolm W. O. 2005). The four data bases for control and network management are AUC, EIR, HLR, and VLR; they operate almost the same way. HLR is a database for mobile sets registered to a particular mobile network. And a MS is registered to only one HLR even if the network has many HLRs. This database is usually combined with the AUC. Together they are responsible for service profile and routine information. AUC verifies authenticity of the subscriber and provides the HLR with ciphering information for mobile transportation. VLR is usually combined with MSC and called MSC/VLR, provides location information to the servicing MSC. This is a database of all roaming MS in a particular MSC, and database is updated as soon as a mobile set leaves the MSC. The HLR is notified of where the MS is, so that all the calls to that particular MS are re-routed correctly. This does not mean VLR cannot control call setup by itself, it has all the needed information and it acts like a moving HLR. EIR is a database that stores the identity of each MS. Each MS has a unique identifier called identity mobile equipment identity (IMEI). This database can be used to stop giving service to a stolen set. The operation and maintenance (OMC) subsystem is responsible for maintenance of the entire network and GSM equipment, therefore it needs to be connected to all equipment in the BSC and switching system. Also, communication with these equipment should be guaranteed so that at all times it can monitor and update the entire system. According to English, J. , Fielding, E. , and Howard, N. (2002), the network used to communicate is different from the one subscribers are using; usually a fixed signaling network is used such as SS7, GSM network has also an optional part called short message service center (SMSC). This was developed after the realization that not only voice communication can be offered through network but also short message and data can be transmitted. Peter, H. A. (2007) defined short message as a message of less than or equal to 150 characters. The SMSC stores the sent messages until it can find the destination addressed in the message. The period of storing a message is dependent on the service provider. Fig 1 Overview of GSM architecture; Asha, M. (2006) Software Basically the response of the micro-controller to the signal or message from the GSM is being controlled through a program written in micro-basic which hardwired on the micro-controller. The user interface which allows the user to select appliance(s) to be turned OFF or ON was designed and coded in visual basic 6 languages. The choice of visual basic was due to its flexibility. This program communicates with the micro-controller by sending the option of the user (i. e. to turn on or off) through the one the messages from the monitoring phones to the micro-controller of which in turn effects the necessary action. The program was written in such a manner that the phone might require an administrator, which users’ personal can turn off appliances on which output he so desires to turn off at a particular point in time or allows automatically switches off appliances on ports according to priority. HardwareThis involves arrangement of several components which are integrated together to form a circuitry device that performs a function switching off and on ports which serves power to the following appliances. Working Operation of the Model The following are the components that constitute the block diagram of the model Fig. 2. Block Diagram of the Model Step-Down Transformer. Power is fed into the circuit through the mains and is step-down to 12v which is the required voltage for the circuit. This is rectified using device and also filtered with the aid of a filtering capacitor. The essence of this is to convert the AC voltage from the mains to DC voltage because the micro-controller is powered by a DC source. The micro-controller requires just 5v to power, so the 12v is attempted using resistors (potential divider). Voltage Transformer This is used in measuring the voltage flowing through the appliance and is rectified using half-wave rectification and also filtered using a capacitor. The input impedance from the analogue signal must not be higher than 2km, the buffer amplifier is used to achieve this purpose. It has unity gain amplifier to ensure input is replicated at the output. The buffer amplifier consists of operational amplifier. Current Transformer This provides isolation and also steps down current. In practice, it is difficult to find a current transformer, so we made the primary side of a voltage transformer to function as the secondary thereby making it work as current transformer. The analogue to digital circuit in the micro-controllers needs analogue voltage and not current, the current flowing is made to pass over a resistor to give a voltage that is proportional to the current flowing. This resistor is called the shunt resistor and should be as low as possible. This voltage measured is later converted to current through the aid of the code. Micro-Controller The micro-controller used here is the PIC16F877A type. It provides the following in the functions in the model. ? Digitization of both the current and voltage measured and the resultant power ? Multiplication of the measured parameters (current and voltage) to give power the current and voltage measure is fed into the micro-controller where the multiplier circuit embedded in it multiplies them to obtain power ? Conversion of binary digitals to BCD. The binary digits coming as output from the multiplier needs to be converted to BCD. The power that is being calculated is sent phone, and the program picks this up and compares it if it is within the limit of the power consumption that is allowed. If it is more than the limit, the administrators can switch off which ever appliance that is of lower priority to him or her. The phone might be put on automatic, which on its own turns off appliance based on its order of priority. Relay Switches When the computer does the comparison, it then sends a request back to the controller which in turn excites the relay that controls the appliance to be controlled, either to be turned OFF or ON. Seven Segment Display The BCD generated by the micro controller will be displayed on the seven segment display which eradicates the need for a seven segment decoder and its driver. Radio Frequency Communication between the phone and the microprocessor is achieved by radio frequency technology used by the GSM. Initial Testing and Setting of the Model The monitoring phone must be configured with the application used and it must support it. The application configured onto the GSM has a default number which will be allowed to communicate with the micro-controller. All the four appliances were set to OFF initially before they were being controlled by the GSM through the following steps. ? Go to the application from the mobile phone. ? Then mobile control menu from the application. ? Select mark or check on the appliance you wish to turn on. Software Implementation The operational implementation of the system is in software, meaning; its control is software based. The processor is programmed to be in continuous polling mode, meaning its operation is not triggered by an interrupt but rather continuously executing the code as long as it is powered. This kind of operation may be costly for non critical kinds of communication but good for real – time communication. As mentioned earlier that the starting of the system operation is when the GSM reads the message through reading RS232 port at the decided band rate, and convert it to BCD which the micro-controller understands. Hardware Implementation The implementation of hardware begins with the message received by the GSM phone which later converted to a BCD in form of tone and sent to the micro-controller. Microcontrollers in turn send signals to the relays to witch OFF or ON the particular appliances as the case may be. Sending Message to the Mobile Station Message could be sent to check the status and control the appliances from any other configured GSM paired with the base phone (i. e. connected with the circuit) Checking of the Status. To check for the status of the appliances from any distance, the steps to follow are the following: †¢ Open the contact option from the phone application. †¢ Go to the GSM contact to change destination number to defaulted number. †¢ Then go to appliance control. †¢ Type the request message using the format *MWM* status request# †¢ Press send The status of the appliances will be automatically sent back to the GSM. Control of the Appliances from the Remote Area. The following steps must be followed when controlling the appliances: ? Open the contact option from the GSM application ? Go to the GSM contact to change destination number to the defaulted number. ? Then go to appliance control. ? Type the request message using the format *MWM* appliance number* action ON (1) or OFF (0) * acknowledgement# ? Press send. Performance of the Model The model built was tested by connecting four appliances whose sum total of power consumption was not more than 200w. The system worked perfectly well. Also we set the range of power consumption to 150w, this indicates that whenever appliances are connected to it and their sum total power consumption is more than 150w, then the user turns off any of the appliances or the system automatically turns it off or on. Conclusion and Recommendations From the design and the implementation of the system presented in this document, it can be concluded that GSM system could solve many of the challenges most developing countries are facing particularly the problem of misuse of power supply. Because of the flexibility and ease of the system design, GSM system could be adapted for any application ranging from control of appliances to monitoring remotely. Also, the high level of security of the GSM network is an advantage for securing data transmission; therefore this system should be implemented without fear of eavesdroppers for future this system can solve many technological challenges, for example a company manager could use his GSM set anywhere in the world and log data to his system allowing him to monitor power consumption in semi-real time to reduce cost. The system could be used in manufacturing industry, for example to monitor the consumption of power used by each equipment used for production thereby useful for cost benefit measurement. There are number of applications that could be developed with the system, and for further security measures, the system could be developed such that it connects to severance cameras, allowing the user to visually see his assets at anytime, anywhere. Also, it would be nice to develop the system such that it can convert the message into voice so as to accommodate blind users. As mentioned earlier that this system is not complex to assemble, and the fact that the GSM technology is everywhere means it can be sold at an affordable price. References Asha, M. (2006) GSM System Engineering. New York: Artech House. Charles, R. K. Morris, M. (2001) Logic And Computer Design Fundamentals. London: Prentice Hall. English, J. Fielding, E. Howard, N (2002) Professional Communication 5th Edition Maidenhead; Open University Press. GSM Technical Specification(2007) Digital Cellular Telecommunications System. London: Croom Helm. Peter, H. A. (2007): Pic 16C84 – Outputting To A Serial Device Baltimore: Morgan State University. Siegmund, M. R. , Matthins, K. W. and Malcolm, W. O. (2005) An Introduction to GSM. Boston: Arteer Honge. Timo, H. Javier, R. and Juan Meler. (2002) GSM, GPRS and EDGE Performance. New York: John Wiley and sons. Vijay, K. G. Joseph, E. W (2009) Principles and Applications of GSM. London: Prentice Hall. 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Design of Gsm Based Power Management Free Essays

Abstract Monitoring of power has been a neglected area in developing countries particularly, Nigeria. Most of these developing countries have always been facing the problem of irregular power supply not because they do not have the capacity to generate the required electricity supply but failure to manage or monitor power consumption by their appliances. The lack of power management result in the development of a GSM based power management system. We will write a custom essay sample on Design of Gsm Based Power Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now This system allows monitoring and control power consumption by household appliances. The GSM technology is well deployed in most developed countries due to its features like easy interfacing with appliances via radio frequency, accessibility at remote area. In this paper, software and hardware were developed. The software allows the user of the system to request for an action from the hardware components. The micro-controller is connected with GSM and relays each of which controls its connected power outlets. GSM – based power management is convenient, more secure, less costly and user – friendly for end user. It is very useful in the area of power management. Keyword: GSM, Power, Network, Electricity. Introduction Power management has been an area of neglect mostly in the developing nations of the world. Most developing countries have always been batling with the problem of constant power supply not because they do not have the capacity to generate the required electricity supply but because they have failed in their culture of management. Management has been an issue with developing countries. That is the main difference between developed countries and developing countries, Nigeria being a developing country, is not any better. It is also affected with the poor management virus and power is also part of the things marjoly mismanaged in this part of the world. Timo (2002) researches and studies have shown that Nigeria is one of the blessed countries in terms of natural resources but due to poor management culture we have failed as a nation in harnessing them properly, and for the resources we have harnessed we have refused to gain a total control over them. Often times, people consume power without being made responsible for it. Responsibility in this sense goes beyond the payment of bills which is being calculated by estimation which is done by the power regulating body the power holding company of Nigeria. In view of this problem, the power holding company of Nigeria which is the power regulating body of the country (Nigeria) tried to curb this power consumption mismanagement issue by introducing an electronic digitized meter which is pre-paid and it is called a pre paid meter. With the introduction of pre-paid meter billing system to consumers, their power consumption have changed and have increased tremendously. The billing system have became outrageous so there has been an issue of how to manage power by a household in order to be able to consume a specific amount of power so that bills will be strictly based on the amount of power consumed. Limitation This design is only implemented for a home that does not consume more than 200w of power. It has been designed to accommodate only four appliances whose sum total of power rating must not exceed 200w GSM Technology As mentioned by Timo (2002), GSM is widely deployed and is a growing technology supporting a number of new applications being used for it. GSM is a digital cellular radio system that operates on two frequency bands 900 and 1800MHz. It is a European standard but now has been globally accepted, that reduces the cost of manufacturing and increases the market target. Standardizations are still evolving and so far they have had up to two phases: 1 and 2. (GSM Technical Specification, 2007) This evolution has achieved higher operational boundaries to what was expected at the birth of the technology. Some of the excepted features of the system are: High audio quality and integrating. High level of security preventing fraud and boasting confidentiality. -International and intersystem roaming. -Low cost infrastructure and interpretability with existing infrastructure. GSM Architecture A GSM system as defined could be thought of as a combination of three subsystems: Base station subsystem (BSS), Network subsystem and operational and maintenance subsystem (Vijay, K. G. , and Joseph, E. W. 2009). Base station subsystem is a radio l ink subsystem and is responsible for management of connection including handovers of calls from coverage area (cell) to cell. BSS is formed by a combination of mobile set (MS), Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller (BSC) several BTSs are connected and controlled by a single BSC. This single BSC is responsible for handover, radio link control and power control for transmission. ‘The network subsystem is the core of the GSM system. It controls mobility, switching and management of the subscriber. It consist of switching centre (MSC), Visitor Location Register (VLR), Home Location Register (HLR),Authentication Centre (AUC), and Equipment Identity Register (EIR). One MSC is communicating with number of BSCs, and therefore it is used for call setup, routing and handover between the two subsystems. Also for billing purposes MSC is in control’. (Siegmund, M. R. Matthins, K. W. and Malcolm W. O. 2005). The four data bases for control and network management are AUC, EIR, HLR, and VLR; they operate almost the same way. HLR is a database for mobile sets registered to a particular mobile network. And a MS is registered to only one HLR even if the network has many HLRs. This database is usually combined with the AUC. Together they are responsible for service profile and routine information. AUC verifies authenticity of the subscriber and provides the HLR with ciphering information for mobile transportation. VLR is usually combined with MSC and called MSC/VLR, provides location information to the servicing MSC. This is a database of all roaming MS in a particular MSC, and database is updated as soon as a mobile set leaves the MSC. The HLR is notified of where the MS is, so that all the calls to that particular MS are re-routed correctly. This does not mean VLR cannot control call setup by itself, it has all the needed information and it acts like a moving HLR. EIR is a database that stores the identity of each MS. Each MS has a unique identifier called identity mobile equipment identity (IMEI). This database can be used to stop giving service to a stolen set. The operation and maintenance (OMC) subsystem is responsible for maintenance of the entire network and GSM equipment, therefore it needs to be connected to all equipment in the BSC and switching system. Also, communication with these equipment should be guaranteed so that at all times it can monitor and update the entire system. According to English, J. , Fielding, E. , and Howard, N. (2002), the network used to communicate is different from the one subscribers are using; usually a fixed signaling network is used such as SS7, GSM network has also an optional part called short message service center (SMSC). This was developed after the realization that not only voice communication can be offered through network but also short message and data can be transmitted. Peter, H. A. (2007) defined short message as a message of less than or equal to 150 characters. The SMSC stores the sent messages until it can find the destination addressed in the message. The period of storing a message is dependent on the service provider. Fig 1 Overview of GSM architecture; Asha, M. (2006) Software Basically the response of the micro-controller to the signal or message from the GSM is being controlled through a program written in micro-basic which hardwired on the micro-controller. The user interface which allows the user to select appliance(s) to be turned OFF or ON was designed and coded in visual basic 6 languages. The choice of visual basic was due to its flexibility. This program communicates with the micro-controller by sending the option of the user (i. e. to turn on or off) through the one the messages from the monitoring phones to the micro-controller of which in turn effects the necessary action. The program was written in such a manner that the phone might require an administrator, which users’ personal can turn off appliances on which output he so desires to turn off at a particular point in time or allows automatically switches off appliances on ports according to priority. HardwareThis involves arrangement of several components which are integrated together to form a circuitry device that performs a function switching off and on ports which serves power to the following appliances. Working Operation of the Model The following are the components that constitute the block diagram of the model Fig. 2. Block Diagram of the Model Step-Down Transformer. Power is fed into the circuit through the mains and is step-down to 12v which is the required voltage for the circuit. This is rectified using device and also filtered with the aid of a filtering capacitor. The essence of this is to convert the AC voltage from the mains to DC voltage because the micro-controller is powered by a DC source. The micro-controller requires just 5v to power, so the 12v is attempted using resistors (potential divider). Voltage Transformer This is used in measuring the voltage flowing through the appliance and is rectified using half-wave rectification and also filtered using a capacitor. The input impedance from the analogue signal must not be higher than 2km, the buffer amplifier is used to achieve this purpose. It has unity gain amplifier to ensure input is replicated at the output. The buffer amplifier consists of operational amplifier. Current Transformer This provides isolation and also steps down current. In practice, it is difficult to find a current transformer, so we made the primary side of a voltage transformer to function as the secondary thereby making it work as current transformer. The analogue to digital circuit in the micro-controllers needs analogue voltage and not current, the current flowing is made to pass over a resistor to give a voltage that is proportional to the current flowing. This resistor is called the shunt resistor and should be as low as possible. This voltage measured is later converted to current through the aid of the code. Micro-Controller The micro-controller used here is the PIC16F877A type. It provides the following in the functions in the model. ? Digitization of both the current and voltage measured and the resultant power ? Multiplication of the measured parameters (current and voltage) to give power the current and voltage measure is fed into the micro-controller where the multiplier circuit embedded in it multiplies them to obtain power ? Conversion of binary digitals to BCD. The binary digits coming as output from the multiplier needs to be converted to BCD. The power that is being calculated is sent phone, and the program picks this up and compares it if it is within the limit of the power consumption that is allowed. If it is more than the limit, the administrators can switch off which ever appliance that is of lower priority to him or her. The phone might be put on automatic, which on its own turns off appliance based on its order of priority. Relay Switches When the computer does the comparison, it then sends a request back to the controller which in turn excites the relay that controls the appliance to be controlled, either to be turned OFF or ON. Seven Segment Display The BCD generated by the micro controller will be displayed on the seven segment display which eradicates the need for a seven segment decoder and its driver. Radio Frequency Communication between the phone and the microprocessor is achieved by radio frequency technology used by the GSM. Initial Testing and Setting of the Model The monitoring phone must be configured with the application used and it must support it. The application configured onto the GSM has a default number which will be allowed to communicate with the micro-controller. All the four appliances were set to OFF initially before they were being controlled by the GSM through the following steps. ? Go to the application from the mobile phone. ? Then mobile control menu from the application. ? Select mark or check on the appliance you wish to turn on. Software Implementation The operational implementation of the system is in software, meaning; its control is software based. The processor is programmed to be in continuous polling mode, meaning its operation is not triggered by an interrupt but rather continuously executing the code as long as it is powered. This kind of operation may be costly for non critical kinds of communication but good for real – time communication. As mentioned earlier that the starting of the system operation is when the GSM reads the message through reading RS232 port at the decided band rate, and convert it to BCD which the micro-controller understands. Hardware Implementation The implementation of hardware begins with the message received by the GSM phone which later converted to a BCD in form of tone and sent to the micro-controller. Microcontrollers in turn send signals to the relays to witch OFF or ON the particular appliances as the case may be. Sending Message to the Mobile Station Message could be sent to check the status and control the appliances from any other configured GSM paired with the base phone (i. e. connected with the circuit) Checking of the Status. To check for the status of the appliances from any distance, the steps to follow are the following: †¢ Open the contact option from the phone application. †¢ Go to the GSM contact to change destination number to defaulted number. †¢ Then go to appliance control. †¢ Type the request message using the format *MWM* status request# †¢ Press send The status of the appliances will be automatically sent back to the GSM. Control of the Appliances from the Remote Area. The following steps must be followed when controlling the appliances: ? Open the contact option from the GSM application ? Go to the GSM contact to change destination number to the defaulted number. ? Then go to appliance control. ? Type the request message using the format *MWM* appliance number* action ON (1) or OFF (0) * acknowledgement# ? Press send. Performance of the Model The model built was tested by connecting four appliances whose sum total of power consumption was not more than 200w. The system worked perfectly well. Also we set the range of power consumption to 150w, this indicates that whenever appliances are connected to it and their sum total power consumption is more than 150w, then the user turns off any of the appliances or the system automatically turns it off or on. Conclusion and Recommendations From the design and the implementation of the system presented in this document, it can be concluded that GSM system could solve many of the challenges most developing countries are facing particularly the problem of misuse of power supply. Because of the flexibility and ease of the system design, GSM system could be adapted for any application ranging from control of appliances to monitoring remotely. Also, the high level of security of the GSM network is an advantage for securing data transmission; therefore this system should be implemented without fear of eavesdroppers for future this system can solve many technological challenges, for example a company manager could use his GSM set anywhere in the world and log data to his system allowing him to monitor power consumption in semi-real time to reduce cost. The system could be used in manufacturing industry, for example to monitor the consumption of power used by each equipment used for production thereby useful for cost benefit measurement. There are number of applications that could be developed with the system, and for further security measures, the system could be developed such that it connects to severance cameras, allowing the user to visually see his assets at anytime, anywhere. Also, it would be nice to develop the system such that it can convert the message into voice so as to accommodate blind users. As mentioned earlier that this system is not complex to assemble, and the fact that the GSM technology is everywhere means it can be sold at an affordable price. References Asha, M. (2006) GSM System Engineering. New York: Artech House. Charles, R. K. Morris, M. (2001) Logic And Computer Design Fundamentals. London: Prentice Hall. English, J. Fielding, E. Howard, N (2002) Professional Communication 5th Edition Maidenhead; Open University Press. GSM Technical Specification(2007) Digital Cellular Telecommunications System. London: Croom Helm. Peter, H. A. (2007): Pic 16C84 – Outputting To A Serial Device Baltimore: Morgan State University. Siegmund, M. R. , Matthins, K. W. and Malcolm, W. O. (2005) An Introduction to GSM. Boston: Arteer Honge. Timo, H. Javier, R. and Juan Meler. (2002) GSM, GPRS and EDGE Performance. New York: John Wiley and sons. Vijay, K. G. Joseph, E. W (2009) Principles and Applications of GSM. London: Prentice Hall. [pic] How to cite Design of Gsm Based Power Management, Papers